Perioperative administration of recombinant activated factor VII in a Glanzmann's thrombasthenia patient with platelet refractoriness: case report

Abstract Glanzmannʼs Trombasthenia (GT) is a genetic disorder, that develops with a tendency toward bleeding and is characterized by the absence or decrease in platelet aggregation. Surgical bleeding may be difficult to control. Platelet transfusion is the main treatment, albeit refractoriness can occur. We describe the case of a patient with GT and platelet refractoriness, who was submitted to radical prostatectomy and dental extraction. The perioperative treatment with apheresis platelet concentrate and activated recombinant factor seven allowed the procedures to be performed uneventfully. We discuss the complexity of the case and the treatment option.

Manejo de la trombastenia de Glanzmann durante el embarazo: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Management of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia during pregnancy: a case report and literature review

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar el caso de una paciente con trombastenia de Glanzmann que recibe manejo con transfusión de plaquetas con factor VII activado y realizar una revisión de la literatura referente al tratamiento y el pronóstico de esta patología durante la gestación. Método: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 27 años con trombastenia de Glanzmann y embarazo de 33 semanas, con cesárea al término sin complicaciones. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO y ScienceDirect; se incluyeron reportes de caso, series de casos y revisiones bibliográficas hasta 2021. Resultados: Se encontraron 21 artículos, con 23 casos reportados. Los embarazos se presentaron entre la tercera y la cuarta décadas de la vida, siendo la mayoría pacientes con anticuerpos frente a antígenos plaquetarios (43,4% de los casos). El principal manejo fue con transfusión plaquetaria. Conclusiones: La trombastenia de Glanzmann durante el embarazo es infrecuente y se asocia a eventos hemorrágicos. La presencia de anticuerpos frente a antígenos plaquetarios condiciona el manejo con mayor riesgo de complicaciones perinatales. No tiene un enfoque terapéutico unificado, siendo el de elección la transfusión de plaquetas y como segunda línea el factor VII activado.

Abstract Objective: To report the case of a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia who receives management with platelet transfusion with activated factor VII and a literature review regarding the treatment and prognosis of this pathology during pregnancy. Method: We present the case of a 27 year old patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and a 33-week pregnancy, with a cesarean section at term without complications. Medline databases were searched via PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO and ScienceDirect; case reports, case series and bibliographic reviews were included until 2021. Results: A total of 21 articles were found, with 23 reported cases; the pregnancies occurred between the third and fourth decades of life, the majority being patients with anti-platelet antigen antibodies in 43.4% of the cases. The main management was with platelet transfusion. Conclusions: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia during pregnancy is rare and is associated with hemorrhagic events. The presence of anti-platelet antigen antibodies conditions management with a higher risk of perinatal complications. It does not have a unified therapeutic approach, with platelet transfusion being the management of choice and activated factor VII as second line.

Factor VII activado (FVIIa) y Concentrado Complejo Protrombínico activado (CCPa) para control del sangrado agudo en pacientes con hemofilia e inhibidores / Effectiveness of teriparatide to reduce the frequency of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in adults at high risk of fracture

Antecedentes: Descripción de la condición de salud de interés: La hemofilia es causada por una deficiencia hereditaria en el factor VIII de coagulación (Hemofilia A)\ty en el factor IX (Hemofilia B), y constituye un trastorno hereditario que afecta a los hombres. Los dos tipos de hemofilia presentan tres estados: leve, moderado, grave. La manifestación clínica más importante está dada por sangrado en cualquier lugar del cuerpo, principalmente articulaciones, músculos y tejidos blandos. El desarrollo de inhibidores, es la complicación más importante en el tratamiento de la hemofilia y se desarrolla secundaria a la terapia de reemplazo del factor faltante (factor VIII o IX), a pesar de que no implica una mayor frecuencia de episodios hemorrágicos, si dificulta el tratamiento de los mismos, lo que afecta en forma grave la calidad de vida y aumenta considerablemente el costo de la enfermedad. Los inhibidores son anticuerpos que atacan la actividad del factor VIII o IX y generalmente se desarrolla entre las primeras 10 a 50 exposiciones al factor faltante. La incidencia de desarrollo de inhibidores en hemofilia A severa es del 20% a 30%; del tipo leve a moderada del 5% al 10%; en hemofilia B es menor al 5%. Descripción de la tecnología: La finalidad del tratamiento de la hemofilia es reemplazar o suplementar con el factor de la coagulación normal para paliar su deficiencia en el paciente, con el fin de prevenir o disminuir los efectos de los episodios de sangrado agudo. Los concentrados del complejo protrombínico estándar y activado al igual que el factor VIIa recombinante se emplean para inducir la hemostasia en pacientes que presentan inhibidores de alta respuesta. Evaluación de efectividad y seguridad: Pregunta de investigación: En pacientes con hemofilia e inhibidores, ¿cuál es la efectividad y seguridad del concentrado Complejo de Protrombina activado (CCPa) comparado con Factor VII activado recombinante (rFVIIa), como tratamiento de primera línea para el control del sangrado agudo, prevención de secuelas derivadas (artropatía, secuelas neurológicas) y mortalidad? La pregunta de investigación fue validada teniendo en cuenta las siguientes fuentes de información: registro sanitario INVIMA, Acuerdo 029 de 2011, guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas y narrativas de la literatura, estudios de prevalencia/incidencia y carga de enfermedad, libros de texto, sociedades científicas y otros actores clave. Población: Pacientes con diagnóstico de hemofilia e inhibidores de alta respuesta que presentan sangrado agudo. Tecnología de interés: Concentrado Complejo de Protrombina activado (CCPa). Conclusiones: Efectividad: no existen diferencias significativas entre el CCPa y el rFVIIa en el control del episodio de sangrado agudo. La evidencia es insuficiente para determinar la superioridad de un agente sobre otro; sin embargo, establece que es más efectivo administrar uno de estos agentes que no hacerlo. No se identificó evidencia sobre la efectividad comparativa entre CCPa y de rFVIIa para los desenlaces de mortalidad y secuelas derivadas (artropatía, secuelas neurológicas). Seguridad: los dos agentes anti-inhibidores (CCPa y rFVIIa) tienen bajo riesgo de complicaciones trombóticas y bajo riesgo de respuesta anamnésica. Ambos muestran un perfil de seguridad equivalentemente bajo, y por lo tanto se consideran agentes con una adecuada tolerabilidad.

Conduta no perioperatório de paciente pediátrico com trombastenia de glanzmann durante adenoidectomia / Perioperative management of a pediatric patient with glanzmann's thrombasthenia during adenoidectomy / Conducta en el perioperatorio de paciente pediátrico con trombastenia de glanzmann durante la adenoidectomía

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG) é uma doença autossômica recessivamente hereditária das plaquetas. Não há nenhum tratamento específico. A transfusão de plaquetas é atualmente o tratamento padrão quando o sangramento não responde a medidas locais e/ou a medicamentos antifibrinolíticos, podendo, entretanto, resultar em aloimunização. O fator VII recombinante ativado (rFVIIa) pode ser usado para evitar a transfusão recorrente de plaquetas. RELATO DE CASO: Apresentamos um tratamento precoce com dose baixa de rFVIIa associada à transfusão de plaquetas em um caso pediátrico (cinco anos de idade), com diagnóstico de TG e apresentando sangramento prolongado durante adenoidectomia eletiva. Uma dose total de 1.200 mg (60 µg.kg-1) de rFVIIa obteve sucesso em estancar o sangramento, o que pode ser aceito como uma dose baixa. CONCLUSÕES: Relatos de casos podem encorajar o uso de tratamento precoce com baixas doses de rFVIIa em hemorragias graves que não estacam a despeito da transfusão de plaquetas e na prevenção de sangramento em procedimentos cirúrgicos em pacientes com TG. Estudos adicionais são necessários para definir a dose mínima eficaz. Portanto, as tentativas para determinar a dose eficaz mais baixa desse composto devem ser incentivadas consideando o resultado deste caso em face de restrições financeiras no sistema de saúde.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is an autosomal recessively inherited platelet disorder. There is not any specific treatment. Platelet transfusion is currently the standard treatment when bleeding does not respond to local measures and/or antifibrinolytic treatment, although it may result in alloimmunization. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) might be used to avoid recurrent platelet transfusion. CASE REPORT: We present early treatment with low-dose rFVIIa additional to platelet transfusion in a 5-year-old pediatric case with diagnosis of GT who developed prolonged bleeding under an elective adenoidectomy surgery. A total dose of 1,200 µg (60 µg.kg-1) rFVIIa could successfully stop bleeding, what can be accepted as low dose usage. CONCLUSIONS: Such case reports may encourage the use of early treatment with low doses of rFVIIa in severe bleeds that did not stop despite of platelet transfusion, as well as in preventing bleeding in surgical procedures in patients with GT. Actually, additional studies are needed to define the minimal effective dose and attempts to determine the lowest effective dose may be encouraged by the result of this case, considering financial restrictions in the health care system.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La Trombastenia de Glanzmann (TG) es una enfermedad autosómica recesivamente hereditaria de las plaquetas. No hay ningún tratamiento específico. La transfusión de plaquetas es hoy por hoy, el tratamiento estándar cuando el sangramiento no responde a medidas locales y/o a medicamentos antifibrinolíticos, pudiendo sin embargo, resultar en una aloinmunización. El factor VII recombinante activado (rFVIIa) puede ser usado para evitar la transfusión recurrente de plaquetas. RELATO DE CASO: Presentamos aquí un rápido tratamiento con una dosis baja de rFVIIa asociada a la transfusión de plaquetas en un caso pediátrico (5 años de edad), con diagnóstico de TG y presentando un sangramiento prolongado durante la adenoidectomía electiva. Una dosis total de 1.200 mg (60 µg.kg-1) de rFVIIa tuvo éxito al estancar el sangramiento, lo que puede aceptarse como una dosis baja. CONCLUSIONES: Relatos de casos pueden estimular el uso de tratamiento rápido con bajas dosis de rFVIIa en las hemorragias graves que no estancan, pese a la transfusión de plaquetas y a la prevención de sangramiento en los procedimientos quirúrgicos en pacientes con TG. Sin embargo, estudios adicionales se hacen necesarios para definir la dosis mínima eficaz. Por tanto, los intentos para determinar la dosis eficaz más baja de un compuesto tan caro deben ser incentivados debido al resultado de este caso cuando existan restricciones financieras en el sistema de Sanidad.

Evaluation of Recombinant Factor VIIa Treatment for Massive Hemorrhage in Patients with Multiple Traumas

BACKGROUND: Recent studies and case reports have shown that recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) treatment is effective for reversing coagulopathy and reducing blood transfusion requirements in trauma patients with life-threatening hemorrhage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of rFVIIa treatment on clinical outcomes and cost effectiveness in trauma patients. METHODS: Between January 2007 and December 2010, we reviewed the medical records of patients who were treated with rFVIIa (N=18) or without rFVIIa (N=36) for life-threatening hemorrhage due to multiple traumas at the Emergency Department of Pusan National University Hospital in Busan, Korea. We reviewed patient demographics, baseline characteristics, initial vital signs, laboratory test results, and number of units transfused, and then analyzed clinical outcomes and 24-hr and 30-day mortality rates. Thromboembolic events were monitored in all patients. Transfusion costs and hospital stay costs were also calculated. RESULTS: In the rFVIIa-treated group, laboratory test results and clinical outcomes improved, and the 24-hr mortality rate decreased compared to that in the untreated group; however, 30-day mortality rate did not differ between the groups. Thromboembolic events did not occur in both groups. Transfusion and hospital stay costs in the rFVIIa-treated group were cost effective; however, total treatment costs, including the cost of rFVIIa, were not cost effective. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, rFVIIa treatment was shown to be helpful as a supplementary drug to improve clinical outcomes and reduce the 24-hr mortality rate, transfusion and hospital stay costs, and transfusion requirements in trauma patients with life-threatening hemorrhage.

Recombinant factor VIIa is associated with an improved 24-hour survival without an improvement in inpatient survival in massively transfused civilian trauma patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is associated with increased survival and/or thromboembolic complications. INTRODUCTION: Uncontrollable hemorrhage is the main cause of early mortality in trauma. rFVIIa has been suggested for the management of refractory hemorrhage. However, there is conflicting evidence about the survival benefit of rFVIIa in trauma. Furthermore, recent reports have raised concerns about increased thromboembolic events with rFVIIa use. METHODS: Consecutive massively transfused (> 8 units of red blood cells within 12 h) trauma patients were studied. Data on demographics, injury severity scores, baseline laboratory values and use of rFVIIa were collected. Rate of transfusion in the first 6 h was used as surrogate for bleeding. Study outcomes included 24-hour and in-hospital survival, and thromboembolic events. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the impact of rFVIIa on 24-hour and in-hospital survival. RESULTS: Three-hundred and twenty-eight patients were massively transfused. Of these, 72 patients received rFVIIa. As expected, patients administered rFVIIa had a greater degree of shock than the non-rFVIIa group. Using logistic regression to adjust for predictors of death in the regression analysis, rFVIIa was a significant predictor of 24-hour survival (odds ratio (OR) = 2.65; confidence interval 1.26-5.59; p = 0.01) but not of in-hospital survival (OR = 1.63; confidence interval 0.79-3.37; p = 0.19). No differences were seen in clinically relevant thromboembolic events. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being associated with improved 24-hour survival, rFVIIa is not associated with a late survival to discharge in massively transfused civilian trauma patients.

The First Case of Postpartum Acquired Hemophilia A in Korea

Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare coagulopathy caused by autoantibodies to coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Most patients with AHA have been previously healthy; however, a variety of morbidities have been associated with the condition including pregnancy. A 40-yr-old woman visited our institution with extensive hematoma on the right hip area. Her medical history revealed no personal or familial history of bleeding diathesis. Her coagulation tests showed markedly prolonged aPTT (117 sec), markedly decreased level of FVIII activity (0.4%) and high-titer FVIII inhibitor (77 BU). Collectively, she was diagnosed as having postpartum AHA and was treated with bypassing agents and corticosteroids. Her aPTT was normalized on the 174th postpartum day and FVIII inhibitor showed negative conversion on the 224th postpartum day. This is the first case of postpartum AHA with high-titer FVIII inhibitor in Korea. Timely diagnosis and management can reduce morbidity and mortality of this potentially life-threatening condition.

Uso de factor VII en el control de sangrados perioperatorios: evidencias actuales / Recombinant activated factor VII for perioperative bleeding

Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is a new haemostatic drug, originally used for the treatment of patients with hemophilia A and B. At the present time it is used for other bleeding conditions such as the perioperative period. When used prophylactically there is a reduction in the number of bleeding episodes but no changes in the need for blood transfusion or other blood products. The adverse effects are arterial or venous thromboembolic events that are mostly related to the severity of the underlying disease of the patient and the concurrent administration of other haemostatic agents, rather than the use of rFVIIa. Its use is recommended when there is a persistent bleeding after the reposition of blood products and when surgical causes of bleeding have been discarded. The cost of the medication should also be considered before its use.

Uso del factor VII activado recombinante en pacientes no hemofílicos en Cuba / Use of the recombinant activated factor VII in non-hemophilic patients in Cuba

El factor VII activado recombinante (rFVIIa, NovoSeven®) ha sido utilizado en el tratamiento de los sangramientos en los pacientes hemofílicos con inhibidores. También ha sido usado para el tratamiento de los sangramientos no controlados asociados con trauma o cirugía. Se describe el tratamiento con rFVIIa en 7 pacientes no hemofílicos con un amplio rango de eventos hemorrágicos: 3 a quienes se les realizó trasplante hepático y presentaron sangramiento postrasplante sin respuesta al tratamiento convencional; 1 con aplasia medular severa y hemorragia retiniana; 1 con enfermedad de Rendú-Osler-Weber, quien tuvo un sangramiento gastrointestinal severo; y 1 paciente con manifestaciones hemorrágicas cutáneas y pulmonares debido a una enfermedad viral. La dosis de rFVIIa utilizada fue entre 90_100 µg/kg de peso, tanto para el tratamiento profiláctico como terapéutico. El rFVII activado alcanzó una hemostasia efectiva en todos los casos. Consideramos que el FVII activado puede ser aplicado cuando la combinación de los hemoderivados y los avances quirúrgicos han fallado en el control de los sangramientos que ponen en peligro la vida.

The recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa, NovoSeven®) has been used in the treatment of bleedings in hemophilic patients with inhibitors. It has also been used for treating uncontrolled bleedings associated with trauma or surgery. The treatment with rFVIIa in 7 non-hemophilic patients with a wide range of hemorrhagic events is described: 3 that underwent liver transplant and presented posttransplant without response to the conventional treatment; 1 with severe medullary aplasia and retinal hemorrhage; 1 with Rendú-Osler-Weber's disease that had severe gastrointestinal bleeding; and 1 patient with cutaneous and pulmonary hemorrhagic manifestations due to a viral disease. The dose of rFVIIa used was between 90 and 100 µg/kg of weight, both for the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment. The activated rFVII reached an effective hemostasis in all cases. We consider that the activated FVII may be applied when the combination of hemoderivatives and the surgical advances have failed in the control of bleedings endangering life.

Uso del FVII activado recombinante en la enfermedad de Rendú-Osler-Weber o telangiectasia hemorrágica hereditaria y sangramiento digestivo. Primer caso comunicado en Cuba / Use of recombinat activated factor VII in Rendú-Osler-Weber's disease or hereditary hemorrhagic talangiectasia and digestive bleeding. First case reported in Cuba

El Factor VII activado recombinante (rFVIIa Novoseven, Novonordisk, Dinamarca) ha sido usado con éxito en el tratamiento de las hemorragias en pacientes hemofílicos con inhibidores, en la deficiencia congénita del FVII y en la tromboastenia de Glanzmann. Además, se ha planteado su uso en pacientes no hemofílicos con anticuerpos adquiridos contra el FVIII (hemofilia adquirida) y otros trastornos de la función plaquetaria como el síndrome de Bernard Soulier (SBS). Administrado en dosis farmacológicas aumenta la generación de trombina sobre las plaquetas activadas y puede ser beneficioso en otros trastornos caracterizados por sangramiento profuso e inadecuada generación de trombina como en las trombocitopenias. Ha sido usado en hemorragias secundarias a alteraciones de la función hepática y en el trauma severo. Su utilización en pacientes con enfermedad de Rendú Osler-Weber y sangramientos severos es una indicación nueva, teniendo en cuenta la activación de la coagulación en el sitio especifico de la lesión. Se reporta la respuesta favorable de un paciente con sangramiento digestivo severo con peligro para la vida en quien se utilizó rFVII en dosis de 90ìg/Kg hasta completar 3 dosis en 24 horas; se detuvo la hemorragia y se confirmó su carácter hemostático potente en sangramientos incontrolables.

The recombinat activated factor VII (rFVIIa Novoseven, Novonordisk, Denmark) has been successfully used in the treatment of hemorrhages in hemophilic patients with inhibitors, in the congenital deficiency of FVII and in Glanzmann's thromboasthenia. Besides, its use has been recommended in non-hemoplilic patients with acquired antibodies against FVIII (acquired hemophilia) and in other disorders of the platelet function as Bernard Soulier Syndrome (SBS). When it is administered at pharmacological doses, it increases the generation of thrombin on the activated platelet, and it may be benefitial in other disorders characterized by profuse bleeding and inadequate generation of thrombin, such as the thrombocytopenias. It has been used in hemorrhages secondary to alterations of the liver function and in severe trauma. Its administration to patients with Rendú Osler Weber's disease and severe bleedings is a new indication, taking into account the activation of coagulation in the specific site of the lesion. It is reported the favorable response of a patient with severe digestive bleeding endangering his life that received rFVII at doses of 90 µg/kg until completing 3 doses in 24 hours. The hemorrhage stopped and its potent hemostatic character in uncontrollable bleedings was confirmed.

Recombinant factor VIIa in a case of pontine hemorrhage.

A 59-year-old lady presented with hypertensive hemorrhage involving the pons. Since she presented within 3 hours of onset of the stroke, recombinant factor VIIa was administered. From a state of altered sensorium there was a rapid recovery of consciousness followed by gradual improvement in limb weakness. Serial CT scans of the brain revealed no further expansion of the hematoma. The hematoma progressively resolved. Recombinant factor VIIa could be an attractive therapeutic option in treating hemorrhages at critical sites like brainstem where expansion of hematoma could be fatal.

Uso adjunto de NovoSeven (factor VII-a recombinante) en trauma cardiaco penetrante / Adjunct use of NovoSeven (recombinant factor VIIa) for penetrating cardiac trauma

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled bleeding leads to 40-86% of preventable deaths due to trauma. Use of NovoSeven (rFVIIa) in trauma is promising, although data supporting its utilization are limited. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a patient who sustained a penetrating grade V cardiac injury (AAST-OIS) and presented postoperative massive coagulopathic bleeding arrested by the administration of platelet pools and NovoSeven. DISCUSSION: This report represents our initial experience and the very first case of successful use of NovoSeven for the treatment of traumatic coagulopathic hemorrhage at the Central Military Hospital in Mexico City. A further prospective trial justifying its use in our institution is warranted.

Fisiopatología y tratamiento de la Fiebre Hemorrágica del Dengue / Pathophysiology and management of dengue hemorrhagic fever

La infección por dengue es causada por uno de los cuatro serotipos del virus. Las manifestaciones clínicas varían de infección asintomática a fiebre no diferenciada, fiebre del dengue y fiebre hemorrágica del dengue (FHD). La FHD se caracteriza por la presencia de fiebre elevada constante durante dos a siete días; diátesis hemorrágica, como prueba de torniquete positiva, petequias, epistaxis y hematemesis; trombocitopenia con recuento de plaquetas =< 100 x 10 9/L; y pérdida de plasma debido al aumento de la permeabilidad vascular que se evidencia por hemoconcentración. derrame pleural y ascitis. La diátesis hemorrágica se debe a vasculopatía, trombocitopenia. disfunción plaquetaria y coagulopatía. Las tres etapas de la presentación clínica se denominan febril, tóxica y de convalecencia. La etapa tóxica, que dura entre 24 y 48 horas, es el período más crítico en el que se produce una rápida pérdida de plasma, que ocasiona trastornos circulatorios. La gravedad de la FHD varía de manifestaciones leves (grados I y II, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS), con cambios mínimos y temporarios de los signos vitales, a episodios graves (grados III y IV, según la OMS), con choque inminente (por ejemplo, con presión sanguínea de 100/90 mmHg) o choque profundo. No existe ningún tratamiento específico para la FHD. Los tratamientos complementarios intensivos son el aspecto más importante para el control de la infección. Es fundamental detectar la enfermedad en una primera instancia y controlar atentamente los trastornos circulatorios. El tratamiento óptimo con fluido para mantener la función de los órganos vitales durante el período crítico y el control eficaz de los episodios hemorrágicos permiten obtener resultados favorables. Se recomienda el suministro de factor VII recombinante activado en los casos en que la hemorragia masiva no pueda controlarse mediante la restitución de hemocomponentes.

Effectiveness of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVII a) for controlling intractable postpartum bleeding: report of two cases and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant activated factor VII is used for the treatment in patients with inherited or acquired hemophilia with inhibitors and congenital factor VII deficiencies. OBJECTIVE: Using recombinant activated factor VII in primary postpartum hemorrhage. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two cases of women who had postpartum hemorrhage and were treated with recombinant activated factor VII after all conventional treatment failed. RESULTS: The intractable hemorrhage stopped after treatment with recombinant activated factor VII CONCLUSION: The present report showed that massive postpartum hemorrhage that failed to all procedures was controlled successfully by recombinant activated factor VII.

Hemorragia alveolar secundaria a lupus eritematoso generalizado, tratada con factor VII recombinante activado: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Alveolar hemorrhage secondary to generalized systemic lupus erithematosus treated with recombinant activated factor VII: case report and literature review

La hemorragia alveolar es una complicación grave del lupus eritematoso generalizado (LEG), asociada a una elevada mortalidad. El tratamiento de esta complicación se apoya en el uso de corticoesteroides, ciclofosfamida; en algunas series, se recomienda el uso de metrotexate, azatioprina y plasmaféresis. En la literatura se encuentra un solo caso informado en el cual se informa el empleo del factor VII recombinante activado (FVIIra) como opción terapéutica para la hemorragia secundaria a alveolitos, refractaria al tratamiento habitual. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que desarrolló hemorragia alveolar grave con diagnóstico previo de LEG y que se manejó con FVIIra.

Alveolar hemorrhage is a severe complication of systemic lupus erithematosus (SLe) associated with high mortality. Treatment includes administration of steroids and cyclophosphamide. Additionally, some reports have recommended the use of plasmapheresis, azathioprine and methotrexate. There is a single case reported in the literature in which recombinant activatedfactor VII (rFVIIa) was used to control severe hemorrhage secondary to alveolitis unresponsive to standard treatment. We report the case of a patient with SLE who developed severe alveolar hemorrhage unresponsive to standard measures, but who was successfully treated with rFVIIa.

Early recombinant factor VIIa therapy in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: promising approach.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating form of stroke with a high morbidity and mortality. ICH constitutes about 20-30% of all strokes, with the prevalence being higher in Asian population. Treatment of ICH is predominantly conservative, which includes control of blood pressure, use of anti-cerebral edema measures such as mannitol and mechanical ventilation. The benefit of early surgery in ICH is debatable. Initial hematoma volume and subsequent growth in its size are important predictors of a poor outcome in ICH. This means that therapies aimed at preventing hematoma enlargement in the earliest possible window period could lead to a better outcome in ICH. Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is one such agent, which has been shown to prevent hematoma expansion and improve outcome in acute ICH. The purpose of the current review is to focus on the evidence regarding the usefulness of rFVIIa in acute ICH.

Utilização do fator VII recombinante ativado (rFVIIa) como adjuvante na neuroproteção à zona de penumbra nas hemorragias intracranianas / Activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) as adjunct neuroprotection therapy to the penumbra zone in intracranial hemorrhage

As hemorragias intracranianas constituem-se num grave distúrbio, geralmente de origem vascular, que acomete a inexpansível caixa craniana. Acometimentos cerebrais envolvem a formação de uma área perilesional denominada zona de penumbra adicionada a edemas e efeitos de massa com elevação da pressão intracraniana. Muito se discute sobre o comportamento desta zona de penumbra nas situações de acidentes vasculares cerebrais isquêmicos. Hoje em dia, estudos mostram que esta mesma zona de penumbra está presente também nos acidentes vasculares hemorrágicos e, sendo assim, o neurocirurgião deve a qualquer custo evitar a expansão dos hematomas intracranianos que sabidamente crescem devido a hemorragias secundárias com posteriores déficits neurológicos. Numa meta-análise envolvendo 58 pacientes, várias foram as indicações para uso de rFVIIa, mostrando-se sempre eficácia na melhora dos parâmetros hematimétricos. Dentre as indicações para sangramentos em SNC, pode ser uma arma de utilidade na redução da disseminação da lesão inicial, protegendo a zona de penumbra e minimizando as seqüelas.